Trauma
Enduring Shadows of Trauma: Understanding the Impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Repression on Victims Inside and Outside Iran
Trauma is a psychological response to one or more events that pose a threat to life or cause severe stress. When a society collectively experiences trauma—whether through war, political repression, or social instability—the psychological effects extend beyond
Collective Trauma as an Obstacle to Democracy in Iran
The Iranian government’s long history of systematic repression has deeply traumatized its people, creating significant barriers to democratic change. Since the 1979 Revolution, state-induced violence—including mass executions, political purges, and suppression